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Three steps:
Optional step 4: harden with fail2ban and a firewall.
I would say this would be the proper way to do it (at least as a sysadmin), but since it's OP's first time I would simplify it to:
Let CloudFlare handle the certificates, DDoS protection, etc... Link if you'd like to give this setup a try.
Cloudflare isn’t very self-host, unless you want/need to trust a third party I wouldn’t recommend this.
They provide decent defaults for all the not-so-straightforward configurations, and they provide a web UI to configure the rest. That's the sole reason I would recommend it to get one's feet wet without having to work too much.
If one is committed to do things "the right way" they could switch to Nginx and "proper" self-hosting later.
How would you go about using a different subdomain without something like a reverse proxy? Heck, in my head that's almost the only reason I use a reverse proxy
Most web servers already use the Host header.
Yeah, I'm afraid you have to use a reverse proxy to host multiple subdomains. The CloudFlare daemon is the reverse proxy.