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Appendix A — Sources and References

Subject: Judge Andrew S. Oldham, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
Prepared: August 13, 2026
Method: Open-source research using government records, court materials, institutional records, contemporaneous reporting, and advocacy research. Advocacy sources are identified as such and should not be treated as neutral authorities where characterization or opinion is involved.

A. Primary and Government Sources

A1. U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee — Nomination of Andrew Oldham

Source: U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary
Document: Nomination of Andrew Oldham to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit — Responses to Questions for the Record

https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Oldham%20Responses%20to%20QFRs.pdf

Relevance: Primary-source confirmation material containing Oldham’s own written answers regarding his legal philosophy, precedent, Federalist Society membership and participation, and other issues raised during his confirmation.

Notable evidence: Oldham acknowledged joining the Federalist Society while in law school and attending its annual convention.

A2. Congressional Record — Senate Debate on Oldham Nomination

Source: U.S. Congress / Library of Congress
Date: July 18, 2018
Document: Congressional Record, Vol. 164, No. 121

https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-164/issue-121/senate-section/article/S5039-1

Relevance: Contemporary Senate debate regarding Oldham’s nomination. Includes Sen. Richard Durbin’s opposition and discussion of Oldham’s Federalist Society membership, Texas litigation record, Voting Rights Act work, and refusal during his hearing to state whether Brown v. Board of Education was correctly decided.

Caution: Statements by senators during nomination debates are political arguments, not independent factual findings. Underlying factual claims should be cross-referenced against primary records.

A3. Congressional Record — Senate Support for Oldham Nomination

Source: U.S. Congress / Library of Congress
Date: July 18, 2018
Document: Congressional Record, Vol. 164, No. 121

https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-164/issue-121/senate-section/article/S5027-7

Relevance: Provides the affirmative case presented for Oldham’s confirmation and useful counterweight to opposition materials. Records his education, clerkships, ABA “unanimously well-qualified” rating, and endorsements from attorneys and public officials, including Democrats.

A4. Texas Attorney General — Confirmation Announcement

Source: Office of the Attorney General of Texas
Date: July 18, 2018
Document: AG Paxton Congratulates Former Texas Deputy Solicitor General Andrew Oldham on His Confirmation to the 5th Circuit

https://www.oag.state.tx.us/news/releases/ag-paxton-congratulates-former-texas-deputy-solicitor-general-andrew-oldham-his-confirmation-5th

Relevance: Texas government confirmation of Oldham’s employment history. Documents his service as Texas Deputy Solicitor General, representation of Texas before federal courts and the Supreme Court, subsequent service as Gov. Greg Abbott’s general counsel, Alito clerkship, DOJ Office of Legal Counsel service, and Trump nomination.

The Texas AG additionally identified Oldham as the sixth Trump judicial nominee who was a current or former Texas Attorney General employee, providing useful evidence of the Texas AG office’s role as a personnel pipeline into the federal judiciary.

B. Institutional / Professional Sources

B1. Federalist Society — Andrew Oldham Biography

Source: The Federalist Society
Entry: Andrew Oldham / U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

https://fedsoc.org/ttd-topics/andrew-oldham

Relevance: Institutional biography confirming Oldham’s professional trajectory:

• General Counsel to Texas Gov. Greg Abbott
• Deputy Solicitor General of Texas
• Kellogg Hansen appellate practice
• Clerkship with Justice Samuel Alito
• Clerkship with D.C. Circuit Judge David Sentelle
• DOJ Office of Legal Counsel service
• University of Virginia
• Cambridge University
• Harvard Law School

Caution: The Federalist Society is an ideologically aligned organization rather than a neutral biographical authority. It is, however, a primary source regarding its own relationship and activities involving Oldham.

B2. Federalist Society — Andrew Oldham Contributor/Event Record

Source: The Federalist Society

https://fedsoc.org/commentary?author=andrew-oldham

Relevance: Documents Oldham’s continued participation in Federalist Society programming, including appearances discussing federalism, originalism, constitutional interpretation, and related legal subjects.

This is useful for distinguishing a historical membership entry from an ongoing professional association.

C. Voting Rights and Civil Rights Record

C1. Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights — Opposition to Confirmation

Source: The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
Date: 2018
Document: Oppose the Confirmation of Andrew Oldham to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

https://civilrights.org/resource/oppose-confirmation-andrew-oldham-u-s-court-appeals-fifth-circuit/

Relevance: Detailed compilation of Oldham’s pre-judicial litigation record, including:

• Texas voter-identification litigation
• Shelby County v. Holder
• Voting Rights Act Section 5
• Texas SB 14
• EEOC employment guidance
• immigration litigation
• environmental/regulatory litigation

The report quotes Oldham’s Supreme Court filings and identifies underlying cases, making it particularly useful as an index into his pre-bench litigation history.

Important limitation: The Leadership Conference expressly opposed Oldham’s confirmation and is an advocacy organization. Its descriptions of Oldham as an “ideologue” or similar characterizations are advocacy positions, not neutral findings. Underlying filings and court decisions are stronger evidence than the organization’s conclusions.

D. Contemporary Reporting on Appointment

D1. Texas Tribune — Oldham Confirmation

Source: The Texas Tribune
Date: July 18, 2018
Article: Andrew Oldham confirmed to the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals

https://www.texastribune.org/2018/07/18/andrew-oldham-governor-greg-abbott-adviser-confirmed-5th-circuit/

Relevance: Contemporary reporting on Oldham’s confirmation, including:

• 50–49 Senate confirmation
• service as Gov. Greg Abbott’s top legal adviser
• relative youth at appointment
• relationship to other Trump Fifth Circuit appointments
• controversy surrounding his Brown v. Board of Education confirmation-hearing response

E. August 2026 Mail-Ballot Litigation

E1. San Antonio Express-News — Texas Mail-Ballot Decision

Source: San Antonio Express-News
Date: August 13, 2026
Article: Texas can proceed with mail ballot ID requirements, appeals court rules

Relevance: Contemporary reporting on the Fifth Circuit’s August 2026 decision reinstating major provisions of Texas Senate Bill 1 affecting mail voting.

The report attributes the following language directly to Judge Oldham’s opinion:

“It has long been established that mail-in ballots are prone to fraud.”

and:

“That is why voting by mail jeopardizes election integrity and democracy itself.”

The report also explains that the panel reversed a district-court ruling involving the Americans with Disabilities Act and concluded that the plaintiffs had not demonstrated a sufficiently substantial future risk of disenfranchisement.

Note: The actual Fifth Circuit opinion should be preferred as the definitive authority for Oldham’s language and legal reasoning.

F. Federalist Society Membership

F1. Oldham’s Senate Questionnaire / Written Responses

Oldham’s own confirmation responses establish that he joined the Federalist Society while attending law school.

He explained:

“I joined the Federalist Society because I enjoyed the speakers and debates they hosted at my law school.”

He also acknowledged attendance at the organization’s annual convention.

Primary document:
https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Oldham%20Responses%20to%20QFRs.pdf

This primary-source evidence should be preferred over secondary descriptions of his Federalist Society affiliation.

G. Source Assessment

The factual backbone of this profile is supported primarily by:

1. U.S. Senate records and Oldham’s own confirmation responses;
2. Texas government records;
3. federal judicial and institutional records;
4. Oldham’s own legal filings and judicial opinions;
5. contemporaneous reporting from established news organizations.

Advocacy organizations were used principally to identify litigation, quotations, controversies, and additional primary records. Their ideological conclusions were not treated as independently established facts.

The available evidence establishes Oldham’s education and employment history, federal clerkships, DOJ service, work in the Texas Solicitor General’s office, service to Gov. Greg Abbott, Federalist Society affiliation, Trump nomination, Senate confirmation, pre-bench voting-rights litigation, and subsequent judicial record.

The evidence reviewed does not establish that the Federalist Society, Leonard Leo, Donald Trump, Greg Abbott, Ken Paxton, or another outside actor directs Oldham’s judicial decisions. No such claim should be inferred from documented professional associations alone.

H. Original Article Prompting Review

Mother Jones
A Trump Judge Called Mail-in Ballots a “Threat to Democracy”
August 2026

https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2026/08/a-trump-judge-called-mail-in-ballots-a-threat-to-democracy/

This article served as the starting point for the investigation. Claims concerning Oldham’s biography, institutional relationships, and earlier litigation history were separately checked against government, institutional, and contemporary sources wherever possible.