A turbidity sensor runs on 5 V and outputs up to about 4.5 V, but an ESP32-C3's pins only take 3.3 V. Here is why it needs a voltage divider, how to wire it, and the checks to do before you plug in USB.

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Disclosure: this is a Homelab the Right Way article by Charles Hartmann, written with AI help and edited by him; the setup described is his own.