Quarkdown

Markdown meets the power of LaTeX in this modern typesetting system.
And it's free and open source.

I think something like Apostrophe might work for you.
https://gitlab.gnome.org/World/apostrophe

Zettlr! Its designed around writing manuscripts in markdown+latex, then exporting to pure LaTeX, PDF, or any other Pandoc-supported format via a builtin Pandoc GUI. The only thing that doesn't work particularly well is the table editor, but they're working on it.

It is electron based, but almost all graphical editors for markdown + inline latex are (obsidian, etc.) because MathJax & KaTeX are the most mature method to render LaTeX inside other document formats.

Obsidian is also good, but it's not FOSS and their built-in export isn't great.

Obsidian?

Or sublime text, but no preview and render using pandoc command, can define as build parameter.

I don't know about LaTeX support, but Joplin supports a lot of Markdown extensions out of the box (I've used it for Mermaid charts for example) and it's Free software.

Edit: it looks like Joplin supports something called Katex. I don't know if that does it for you.

Full details are here

What is inline latex? Do you just mean math, or do you really use latex functions?

Do you really have to use latex or can't you already migrate to typst?

For raw markdown I can recommend any text editor I guess. I use vscode/codium the most.

Typora and Zettlr i think?

Ive started writing in typst. Its simple enough when doing not so complicated things, but an entire ecosystem is available the moment I want to do something complicated. But it does not have LOCAL graphical editor, but there is an online version you can use. Ive never tried it.