in the form of flat fees on their monthly electric bills
Base fees are regressive and financially disincentivize progress.
If you want people to use less electricity, remove base fees and increase usage fees.
Another way of looking at it: imagine you had to pay a big fee to enter the grocery store, but once inside, everything was similarly priced. A potato would cost almost the same as a ribeye steak. You'd see lots of people walking out with steak, and as a result we'd have a major increase in agriculutural climate emissions.
Electricity is the same way. When everyone's paying base fees to artificially lower usage rates, poor people are subsidizing the extravagant usage of the rich.
Remove regressive base fees and charge people for the damage they do.