The study’s authors, Jordan Grasso and Caro A. Mooney, found that out of 4.6 million pedestrian and vehicle stops reported by California police in 2023, 17,916 stops (less than 0.5%) involved people perceived as transgender or gender nonconforming. However, data showed that police searched 24% of people perceived as transgender, compared with 14% perceived as cisgender men, 8% perceived as cisgender women, and 11% perceived as gender nonconforming