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That's simply not true, fortunately. All public schools are to follow common core standards and that includes phonics (sounding out words) over sight words and certainly over context guessing. Going contrary to the core is possible, I guess, but certainly not the norm.
If you're curious, the debate was mostly settled in the 90s, during what my PhD advisor called the "reading wars." Well, mostly settled... sight words still have a place in reading, especially when a word is contrary to its phonics. But basically, policy has prioritized phonics since Clinton, with to only some revision under Obama.
That's not to say Americans aren't dumb; doesn't mean much if standards aren't met. But it's not as simple as saying we're taught incorrectly. I could give a variety of reasons, although Lemmy users can probably guess poverty, politics and capitalism are pretty central to a lot of it.
And the fact that you have a culture that rewards ignorance!
Researchers have tried to test that, too, although it wasn't that strong an impact compared to funding discrepancy and parental neglect due to overworking and such. However, traditionally that type of research had racist undertones that assumed black inner city kids were the ones rewarding ignorance and somehow completely ignored the white Christian nationalist crowd.
I'd be curious to see more contemporary research on that, though I think researchers are scared to challenge religious or MAGA norms. That seems to be where ignorance is rewarded, compared to the college-first mentality you see in urban schools. But that's my two cents, not backed by research (yet), unlike the data on poverty and curriculum standards.